Atrial Fibrillation Originating in the Inferior Vena Cava: A Typical Presentation of an Atypical Location

Recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) despite successful isolation of the pulmonary veins (PVs) represents a great challenge. We present a patient with recurrent episodes of paroxysmal AF despite PV isolation in which a non-PV trigger was identified in the inferior vena cava. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).