Abstract
Lichens are a life form in which algae and fungi have a symbiotic relationship and have various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities. This is the first study to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of a Phlebia sp. fungal extract (PSE) isolated from Peltigera neopolydactyla in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage. PSE reduced the production of the proinflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β), chemokine (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor), nitric oxide, and prostaglandin E2 in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Especially, PSE inhibits the phosphorylation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) signaling (c-Fos and c-Jun) and their upstream mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases/mitogen-activated protein kinases (MKK/MAPKs: MKK4, MKK7, and JNK) and finally reduced the production of the inflammatory cytokines. The inhibitory effects mainly act via suppressing JNK-mediated AP-1 rather than the NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, PSE inhibited the production of final inflammatory effector molecules involved in AP-1 signaling, including nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Here, we report that PSE has the potential to be developed as an anti-inflammatory agent.