Abstract
BACKGROUND: Fipronil (FPN) is a broad-spectrum phenylpyrazole insecticide, widely used in agriculture and veterinary medicine. Published research on FPN toxicity has established the fact that its inhalation or dermal exposure may lead to very serious clinical outcomes in non-target animals. In line to its exposure and toxicity related damage, FPN has been investigated in many invertebrates, however, its exposure-related noxiousness is less reported in higher animals. OBJECTIVE: To assess the FPN-induced effects to agro-workers in the field, in the present study, we used physiological human surrogates, adult rhesus monkeys as models. METHOD: We exposed well habituated, chair restraint adult rhesus monkeys with a field spray concentration of FPN (0.3 mg/1 mL distilled water) through an inhalation route in the closed system. Animals were divided into control and treatment groups, each containing three animals. Inflammatory and hematological effects were determined by evaluating the kidney and liver biomarker enzymes; serum creatinine and alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) levels respectively. RESULTS: Our findings reveal that FPN treated monkeys show significantly increased levels of ALT (p = 0.000461), AST (p = 0.0681) and creatinine (p = 0.00656) as compared to the control group. Furthermore, significant differences of red blood cells (RBCs) (p = 0.0139) and white blood cells (WBCs) (p = 0.00642) were also observed in the treated and control group monkeys which reflect strong toxic effects on the blood cells. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that FPN exposure is very toxic to higher animals and causes severe damage to the liver and kidneys along with other clinical problems. The study highlights the effect and impact of passive inhalation of insecticides in intentionally carefree agro-workers and raises the concern of public awareness toward pesticides use.