Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Kidney transplantation has excellent short-term results with current immunosuppression regimes, but long-term outcomes have barely improved over the past two decades. Hence, there is a need for new therapeutic options to increase long-term survival of kidney grafts. Drug development for kidney transplantation has slowly plateaued, limiting progress while making drug repurposing an attractive alternative. We, therefore, investigated the impact of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene (TNF) polymorphisms on kidney graft survival after transplantation. METHODS: We performed a prospective cohort study to assess the association of TNF polymorphisms (rs1800629 G>A and rs3093662 A>G) with primary non-function and death-censored kidney allograft survival in 1271 kidney transplant pairs from the University Medical Center Groningen in The Netherlands. RESULTS: The G-allele of the TNF rs3093662 polymorphism in donor kidneys was associated with a higher risk of immediate graft loss (odds ratio: 2.05; 95%-CI: 1.06-3.97; P = 0.032). Furthermore, the G-allele of this TNF rs3093662 polymorphism in the donor was also associated with worse 5-year, 10-year, and 15-year death-censored kidney graft survival (P < 0.05). The cumulative incidence of graft loss was 15.9% in the reference AA-genotype group and 25.2% in the AG/GG-genotype group, respectively. In multivariable analysis, the association between the TNF rs3093662 polymorphism in the donor and 15-year death-censored kidney graft survival remained significant (hazard ratio: 1.51; 95%-CI: 1.05-2.19, P = 0.028). DISCUSSION: In conclusion, kidney allografts possessing a high-producing TNF polymorphism have a greater risk of immediate and late graft loss. Our study adds to a growing body of literature indicating the potential of TNF-α blockade in improving kidney transplantation outcomes.