Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Most Toll-like receptors and IL-1/IL-18 receptors activate a signaling cascade via the adaptor molecule MyD88, resulting in NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production. Females are less susceptible than males to inflammatory conditions, presumably due to protection by estrogen. The exact mechanism underlying this protection is unknown. METHODS: MCF7 cells expressing wild-type or mutated LXXLL motif were used to determine MyD88/estrogen receptor (ER)-a interaction by immunoprecipitation and cell activation by ELISA and luciferase reporter assay. IL-1b and/or E2 were used to activate MCF7 cells expressing normal or knocked down levels of PRMT1. Finally, in situ proximity ligation assay with anti-MyD88 and anti-methylated ER-a (methER-a) antibodies was used to evaluate MyD88/methylated ER-a interaction in THP1 cells and histological sections. RESULTS: We show that MyD88 interacts with a methylated, cytoplasmic form of estrogen receptor-alpha (methER-α). This interaction is required for NF-κB transcriptional activity and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and is dissociated by estrogen. Importantly, we show a strong gender segregation in gametogenic reproductive organs, with MyD88/methER-α interactions found in testicular tissues and in ovarian tissues from menopausal women, but not in ovaries from women age 49 and less - suggesting a role for estrogen in disrupting this complex in situ. DISCUSSION: Collectively, our results indicate that the formation of MyD88/methER-α complexes during inflammatory signaling and their disruption by estrogen may represent a mechanism that contributes to gender bias in inflammatory responses.