Abstract
Bisphenol (BP) analogues in wastewater effluent and groundwater pose a potential threat to human health due to their ability to disrupt steroidogenesis. A new solar-assisted electrochemical process (SECP) was developed and evaluated for the degradation of BP analogues. The effects of quenchers, current density, initial pH, supporting electrolyte, and aqueous matrix on the removal kinetics of bisphenol AF (BPAF) and bisphenol A (BPA) were investigated. The kinetic constants of BPAF, BPA, and bisphenol S (BPS) in the SECP with irradiation intensity of 500 mW cm(-2) were 0.017 ± 0.002 min(-1), 0.022 ± 0.002 min(-1), and 0.012 ± 0.001 min(-1), respectively. The changes in the degradation rates of BPAF, BPA, and BPS in the presence of quenchers indicated the relative contribution of hydroxyl radical ((●)OH) oxidation, anodic electrolysis, and singlet ((1)O(2)) oxygenation in the degradation of BPs in the SECP. The enhanced rate of generation of (●)OH and (1)O(2) was observed in the SECP compared with those in the conventional electrochemical system. The identification of the transformation products (TPs) of BPAF demonstrated that hydroxylation, ring cleavage, β-scission, and defluorination were the major processes during the oxidation in the SECP. The conversion to fluoride ions (76%) and mineralization of total organic carbon (72%) in the SECP indicated further degradation of TPs. The results from this study improved our understanding of the degradation of BP analogues in the electrooxidation irradiated by solar light and help to establish the application potential of the SECP for the effective degradation of emerging contaminants in wastewater.