Abstract
Neuroinflammation represents a fundamental component in the development and progression of a wide range of neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric conditions, and cerebral injuries. This review examines the complex mechanisms underlying neuroinflammatory responses, with a focus on the interactions between glial cells and neurons. The dualistic role of neuroinflammation is further investigated, highlighting its ability to promote neuroprotection in acute phases while also contributing to neuronal injury and degeneration during chronic activation. This review also considers innovative therapeutic approaches designed to target neuroinflammatory processes, like drug-based treatments and immune-modulating therapies. A thorough understanding of the regulatory balance within neuroinflammatory networks is essential for the development of effective treatments for several neurological pathologies. Finally, this review provides an integrative summary of current evidence and highlights emerging directions in neuroinflammation research.