Abstract
Cytokine therapy is a rapidly evolving field in bladder cancer research, with treatments designed to enhance immune responses, improve targeting, and promote tumor cell recognition and elimination. This review explores pro-inflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, engineered cytokines and fusion proteins, and combination therapies. Challenges include risks of toxicity, immune suppression, and the potential for promoting metastasis. Despite these obstacles, the potential successes of cytokine therapies highlight the importance of continued investigation into their use for developing safe, effective, and minimally invasive treatments for bladder cancer.