Abstract
AIMS: Impaired autonomic nervous system regulation is frequently observed in patients with stroke. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the impact of cardiac autonomic tone on functional outcome after the early post-stroke rehabilitation. METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred and three consecutive patients (67 ± 11 years, body mass index (BMI) 27.1 ± 5.4 kg/m(2) , 64% men) with ischaemic (84% of patients) and haemorrhagic stroke were studied. Depressed heart rate variability (HRV), as a surrogate marker of increased sympathetic tone, was defined by the standard deviation of NN intervals < 100 ms and HRV triangular index ≤ 20 assessed from a 24 h Holter electrocardiogram at admission to rehabilitation (23 ± 16 days after stroke). Twenty-two per cent of patients had depressed HRV at baseline and were comparable with patients with normal HRV with regard to their functional [Barthel Index (BI), modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and Rivermead Motor Assessment (RMA)] and biochemical status. After a 4-week follow-up, 70% of patients with depressed HRV showed a cumulative functional disability, defined by mRS ≥ 4, BI ≤ 70, and RMA ≤ 5, in contrast to patients with normal HRV (35%, P = 0.003). Patients with depressed HRV showed a worse functional status by BI (-16%, P < 0.001), RMA (-12%, P < 0.05), and mRS (+16%, P < 0.01), compared with patients with normal HRV. Cumulative functional disability was associated with depressed HRV (odds ratio 4.25, 95% confidence interval 1.56-11.54, P < 0.005) after adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index (odds ratio 4.6, 95% confidence interval 1.42-14.97, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of autonomic cardiovascular dysregulation in patients with subacute stroke was associated with adverse functional outcome after the early post-stroke rehabilitation.