Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The exact mechanism of spontaneous pacemaking is not fully understood. Recent results suggest tight cooperation between intracellular Ca(2+) handling and sarcolemmal ion channels. An important player of this crosstalk is the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX), however, direct pharmacological evidence was unavailable so far because of the lack of a selective inhibitor. We investigated the role of the NCX current in pacemaking and analyzed the functional consequences of the I(f)-NCX coupling by applying the novel selective NCX inhibitor ORM-10962 on the sinus node (SAN). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Currents were measured by patch-clamp, Ca(2+)-transients were monitored by fluorescent optical method in rabbit SAN cells. Action potentials (AP) were recorded from rabbit SAN tissue preparations. Mechanistic computational data were obtained using the Yaniv et al. SAN model. KEY RESULTS: ORM-10962 (ORM) marginally reduced the SAN pacemaking cycle length with a marked increase in the diastolic Ca(2+) level as well as the transient amplitude. The bradycardic effect of NCX inhibition was augmented when the funny-current (I(f)) was previously inhibited and vice versa, the effect of I(f) was augmented when the Ca(2+) handling was suppressed. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: We confirmed the contribution of the NCX current to cardiac pacemaking using a novel NCX inhibitor. Our experimental and modeling data support a close cooperation between I(f) and NCX providing an important functional consequence: these currents together establish a strong depolarization capacity providing important safety factor for stable pacemaking. Thus, after individual inhibition of I(f) or NCX, excessive bradycardia or instability cannot be expected because each of these currents may compensate for the reduction of the other providing safe and rhythmic SAN pacemaking.