Abstract
Fibrinogen, a pivotal plasma glycoprotein, plays an essential role in hemostasis by serving as the precursor to fibrin, which forms the structural framework of blood clots. Beyond coagulation, fibrinogen influences immune responses, inflammation, and tissue repair. Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants, induces fibrinogen oxidation, significantly altering its structure and function. This narrative review synthesizes findings from in vitro, ex vivo, and clinical studies, emphasizing the impact of fibrinogen oxidation on clot formation, architecture, and degradation. Oxidative modifications result in denser fibrin clots with thinner fibers, reduced permeability, and heightened resistance to fibrinolysis. These structural changes exacerbate prothrombotic conditions in cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic inflammatory disorders and cancer. In contrast, "low-dose" oxidative stress may elicit protective adaptations in fibrinogen, preserving its function. The review also highlights discrepancies in experimental findings due to variability in oxidation protocols and patient conditions. Understanding the interplay between oxidation and fibrinogen function could unveil therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress. Antioxidant therapies or selective inhibitors of detrimental oxidation hold potential for mitigating thrombotic risks. However, further research is essential to pinpoint specific fibrinogen oxidation sites, clarify their roles in clot dynamics, and bridge the gap between basic research and clinical practice.