Abstract
Early Earth may have hosted a biologically mediated global organic haze during the Archean eon (3.8-2.5 billion years ago). This haze would have significantly impacted multiple aspects of our planet, including its potential for habitability and its spectral appearance. Here, we model worlds with Archean-like levels of carbon dioxide orbiting the ancient Sun and an M4V dwarf (GJ 876) and show that organic haze formation requires methane fluxes consistent with estimated Earth-like biological production rates. On planets with high fluxes of biogenic organic sulfur gases (CS(2), OCS, CH(3)SH, and CH(3)SCH(3)), photochemistry involving these gases can drive haze formation at lower CH(4)/CO(2) ratios than methane photochemistry alone. For a planet orbiting the Sun, at 30× the modern organic sulfur gas flux, haze forms at a CH(4)/CO(2) ratio 20% lower than at 1× the modern organic sulfur flux. For a planet orbiting the M4V star, the impact of organic sulfur gases is more pronounced: at 1× the modern Earth organic sulfur flux, a substantial haze forms at CH(4)/CO(2) ∼ 0.2, but at 30× the organic sulfur flux, the CH(4)/CO(2) ratio needed to form haze decreases by a full order of magnitude. Detection of haze at an anomalously low CH(4)/CO(2) ratio could suggest the influence of these biogenic sulfur gases and therefore imply biological activity on an exoplanet. When these organic sulfur gases are not readily detectable in the spectrum of an Earth-like exoplanet, the thick organic haze they can help produce creates a very strong absorption feature at UV-blue wavelengths detectable in reflected light at a spectral resolution as low as 10. In direct imaging, constraining CH(4) and CO(2) concentrations will require higher spectral resolution, and R > 170 is needed to accurately resolve the structure of the CO(2) feature at 1.57 μm, likely the most accessible CO(2) feature on an Archean-like exoplanet. Key Words: Organic haze-Organic sulfur gases-Biosignatures-Archean Earth. Astrobiology 18, 311-329.