Background
It is hypothesized that levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are higher in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of chronic periodontitis (CP) patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (type-2 DM) than controls (systemically healthy individuals without CP. The
Conclusion
The GCF levels of AGEs are higher in CP patients with type-2 DM compared to systemically healthy individuals with and without periodontal diseases.
Methods
Participants were divided into three groups as follows. Group-1: Patients with type-2 DM and CP; group-2: Non-diabetic individuals with CP; group-3: Non-diabetic individuals without periodontal diseases. Demographic data were collected using a questionnaire. Full-mouth plaque-index (PI), bleeding-on-probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (AL), and marginal-bone-loss (MBL) were assessed. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were recorded. The GCF was collected and levels of AGEs were assessed using standard techniques. Group comparisons were performed and P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Ninety-four individuals (32, 31, and 31 individuals in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively) were included. Mean HbA1c levels were significantly higher in group-1 than groups 2 (P <0.05) and 3 (P <0.05). The mean age of individuals in groups 1, 2, and 3 were 55.2, 51.5, and 50.7 years, respectively. The mean duration of type-2 DM among individuals in group-1 was 8.2 years (7 to 10 years). Levels of AGEs were detected in all the patients. The mean GCF levels of AGEs were significantly higher among patients in group-1 (521.9 pg/mL [428.5 to 569.3 pg/mL]) (P <0.01) than groups 2 (234.84 pg/mL [216.8 to 318.9 pg/mL]) and 3 (87.2 pg/mL [75.2 to 97.8 pg/mL]). The mean GCF levels of AGEs were significantly higher among patients in group-2 (P <0.01) than group-3 (P <0.01).