Abstract
Hyperpigmentation is induced by the overactivation of tyrosinase, which is a rate-limiting enzyme in melanogenesis. The defatted extract of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed is known to have inhibitory effects on melanogenesis; however, effective compounds in the extract have not been identified yet. In this study, three phenethyl cinnamamides present in hemp seed extract were prepared by purification and chemical synthesis and were assessed for their inhibitory effect on melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. A comparison of the anti-melanogenesis and anti-tyrosinase activity of hemp seed solvent fractions revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction possessed the greatest potential for suppressing melanogenesis in melanoma cells by decreasing tyrosinase activity. We tentatively identified 26 compounds in the ethyl acetate fraction by comparing spectroscopic data with the literature. Three phenethyl cinnamamides such as N-trans-caffeoyltyramine, N-trans-coumaroyltyramine, and N-trans-feruloyltyramine present abundantly in the ethyl acetate fraction were prepared and their anti-melanogenesis and anti-tyrosinase activities in melanoma cells were evaluated. We found that N-trans-caffeoyltyramine and N-trans-feruloyltyramine inhibited alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanogenesis without cytotoxicity, while N-trans-coumaroyltyramine inhibited melanogenesis with cytotoxicity. IC50 values of N-trans-caffeoyltyramine, N-trans-feruloyltyramine, and N-trans-coumaroyltyramine for inhibition of α-MSH-mediated tyrosinase activation were 0.8, 20.2, and 6.3 μM, respectively. Overall, N-trans-caffeoyltyramine possessed the strongest anti-melanogenesis activity among the three phenethyl cinnamamides evaluated. The inhibitory effect of N-trans-caffeoyltyramine was verified by determining the melanin content and tyrosinase activity in melanoma after treating the cells with synthetic compounds. Thus, N-trans-caffeoyltyramine isolated from hemp seed extract could be useful in cosmetics as a skin-whitening agent.