Abstract
In pharmaceutical drug development, animal tests are traditionally required to conduct comprehensive toxicity assessments before initiating human clinical trials. However, animal tests are time-consuming and can hinder the rapid development of drugs needed to combat urgent health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, faster non-animal alternatives are critical to accelerating preclinical toxicity assessments. Molnupiravir, an antiviral medication authorized for emergency use to treat COVID-19, is an oral pro-drug that is metabolized into its active form, N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC). The developmental toxicity of molnupiravir was initially identified in preclinical animal studies. The present study aims to determine whether in vitro assays using gastruloids-three-dimensional aggregates of pluripotent stem cells that mimic axial elongation morphogenesis of early embryos-can effectively detect the developmental toxicity of molnupiravir in a clinically relevant context. In our experiments, NHC at 20 μM significantly impaired the morphological progression and altered the gene expression profiles in gastruloids derived from mouse P19C5 stem cells. Similarly, in a human embryonic stem cell-based morphogenesis model, NHC reduced the aggregate size at 10 μM and induced significant gene expression changes at concentrations as low as 2.5 μM. Notably, these NHC concentrations are comparable to the plasma levels observed in humans (approximately 10.8 μM) following administration of the clinically recommended dose of molnupiravir. These findings demonstrate that gastruloid-based assays can reliably detect the developmental toxicity of NHC at clinically relevant concentrations, supporting their utility as non-animal tools for expediting preclinical developmental toxicity assessments.