Abstract
According to the World Health Organization forecasts, AntiMicrobial Resistance (AMR) is expected to become one of the leading causes of death worldwide in the following decades. The rising danger of AMR is caused by the overuse of antibiotics, which are becoming ineffective against many pathogens, particularly in the presence of bacterial biofilms. In this context, non-destructive label-free techniques for the real-time study of the biofilm generation and maturation, together with the analysis of the efficiency of antibiotics, are in high demand. Here, we propose the design of a novel optoelectronic device based on a dual array of interdigitated micro- and nanoelectrodes in parallel, aiming at monitoring the bacterial biofilm evolution by using optical and electrical measurements. The optical response given by the nanostructure, based on the Guided Mode Resonance effect with a Q-factor of about 400 and normalized resonance amplitude of about 0.8, allows high spatial resolution for the analysis of the interaction between planktonic bacteria distributed in small colonies and their role in the biofilm generation, calculating a resonance wavelength shift variation of 0.9 nm in the presence of bacteria on the surface, while the electrical response with both micro- and nanoelectrodes is necessary for the study of the metabolic state of the bacteria to reveal the efficacy of antibiotics for the destruction of the biofilm, measuring a current change of 330 nA when a 15 µm thick biofilm is destroyed with respect to the absence of biofilm.