Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the seventh most common malignancy globally. There are two main histological subtypes: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma. ESCC is the predominant histological type of esophageal cancer worldwide and has worse prognosis than esophageal adenocarcinoma. However, effective treatment for patients with ESCC remains limited. Moreover, the risk of recurrence remains high in patients with resectable ESCC even with perioperative multidisciplinary treatment, such as chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy. Nivolumab, a human monoclonal immunoglobulin G4 antibody that inhibits programmed cell death protein 1, has recently been identified as a potential treatment for patients with metastatic esophageal cancer based on the results of the ATTRACTION-3 and CheckMate 648 trials. The CheckMate 577 trial showed survival benefits of postoperative nivolumab monotherapy compared with placebo in patients with resectable locally advanced esophageal cancer who did not achieve a pathological complete response after preoperative chemoradiotherapy. In this review, we discuss the data on the efficacy and safety of postoperative nivolumab and share future perspectives on immune checkpoint inhibitors as perioperative therapy for patients with locally advanced ESCC.