Abstract
Flagella-like motion occurs in filamentous spermatozoa of coccid insects, which have diameters (0.16-0.65 micro) and lengths (150-300 micro) similar to those of long flagella, but have no doublets or 9 + 2-like arrangements of microtubules. Light and electron microscope investigations of spermatozoa from 10 species reveal many bizarre patterns of microtubules and suggest some basic similarities to flagella. Detailed analyses of spermatozoa which are naturally bent in definable planes during their elongation in the male and their storage in the female provide evidence that a constant topographical relationship is maintained between their unorthodox patterns of microtubules, as viewed in transections, and the direction of bending. The configuration common to most coccid spermatozoa consists of an acentrically positioned crescent of microtubules surrounded by one to several concentric rings. A line drawn to connect the two ends of the crescent appears to remain perpendicular to the plane of bending, and it defines a plane in which bisection of the spermatozoon produces halves with unequal numbers of microtubules. Bisection of the 9 + 2 motile apparatus in a plane perpendicular to that of bending also appears to produce halves with unequal numbers of microtubules. Therefore, the indispensable elements for flagellar and flagella-like motion may be microtubules arranged in "asymmetric" patterns.