Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Nef hijacks the clathrin adaptor complex 2 (AP-2) to downregulate the viral receptor CD4 and the antiviral multipass transmembrane proteins SERINC3 and SERINC5, which inhibit the infectivity of progeny virions when incorporated. In Jurkat Tag T lymphoid cells lacking SERINC3 and SERINC5, Nef is no longer required for full progeny virus infectivity and for efficient viral replication. However, in MOLT-3 T lymphoid cells, HIV-1 replication remains highly dependent on Nef even in the absence of SERINC3 and SERINC5. Using a knockout (KO) approach, we now show that the Nef-mediated enhancement of HIV-1 replication in MOLT-3 cells does not depend on the Nef-interacting kinases LCK and PAK2. Furthermore, Nef substantially enhanced HIV-1 replication even in triple-KO MOLT-3 cells that simultaneously lacked the three Nef/AP-2 targets, SERINC3, SERINC5, and CD4, and were reconstituted with a Nef-resistant CD4 to permit HIV-1 entry. Nevertheless, the ability of Nef mutants to promote HIV-1 replication in the triple-KO cells correlated strictly with the ability to bind AP-2. In addition, knockdown and reconstitution experiments confirmed the involvement of AP-2. These observations raise the possibility that MOLT-3 cells express a novel antiviral factor that is downregulated by Nef in an AP-2-dependent manner. IMPORTANCE The HIV-1 Nef protein hijacks a component of the cellular endocytic machinery called AP-2 to downregulate the viral receptor CD4 and the antiviral cellular membrane proteins SERINC3 and SERINC5. In the absence of Nef, SERINC3 and SERINC5 are taken up into viral particles, which reduces their infectivity. Surprisingly, in a T cell line called MOLT-3, Nef remains crucial for HIV-1 spreading in the absence of SERINC3 and SERINC5. We now show that this effect of Nef also does not depend on the cellular signaling molecules and Nef interaction partners LCK and PAK2. Nef was required for efficient HIV-1 spreading even in triple-knockout cells that completely lacked Nef/AP-2-sensitive CD4, in addition to the Nef/AP-2 targets SERINC3 and SERINC5. Nevertheless, our results indicate that the enhancement of HIV-1 spreading by Nef in the triple-knockout cells remained AP-2 dependent, which suggests the presence of an unknown antiviral factor that is sensitive to Nef/AP-2-mediated downregulation.