Abstract
The eukaryotic ribosome is a large ribonucleoprotein complex consisting of four types of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and approximately 80 ribosomal proteins (RPs), forming the 40S and 60S subunits. In all living cells, its primary function is to produce proteins by converting messenger RNA (mRNA) into polypeptides. In addition to their canonical role in protein synthesis, RPs are crucial in controlling vital cellular processes such as cell cycle progression, cellular proliferation, differentiation, DNA damage repair, genome structure maintenance, and the cellular stress response. Viruses, as obligate intracellular parasites, depend completely on the machinery of the host cell for their replication and survival. During viral infection, RPs have been demonstrated to perform a variety of extra-ribosomal activities, which are especially important in viral disease processes. These functions cover a wide range of activities, ranging from controlling inflammatory responses and antiviral immunity to promoting viral replication and increasing viral pathogenicity. Deciphering the regulatory mechanisms used by RPs in response to viral infections has greatly expanded our understanding of their functions outside of the ribosome. Furthermore, these findings highlight the promising role of RPs as targets for the advancement of antiviral therapies and the development of novel antiviral approaches. This review comprehensively examines the many functions of RPs outside of the ribosome during viral infections and provides a foundation for future research on the host-virus interaction.