Abstract
Industrial use of nanomaterials is rapidly increasing, making the effects of these materials on the environment and human health of critical concern. Standard nanotoxicity evaluation methods rely on detecting cell death or major dysfunction and will miss early signs of toxicity. In this work, the use of rapid and sensitive nanosensors that can efficiently detect subtle phenotypic changes on the cell surface following nanomaterial exposure is reported. Importantly, the method reveals significant phenotypic changes at dosages where other conventional methods show normal cellular activity. This approach holds promise in toxicological and pharmacological evaluations to ensure safer and better use of nanomaterials.