Abstract
HIV-1 infected individuals are at high risk of developing HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) as HIV infection leads to neuronal injury and synaptic loss in the central nervous system (CNS). The neurotoxic effects of HIV-1 are primarily a result of viral replication leading to the production of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, including TNF-α. Given an important role of TNF-α in regulating synaptic plasticity, we investigated the effects of TNF-α on the development of neuronal processes after mechanical injury, and we showed that TNF-α treatment stimulates the regrowth of neuronal processes. To investigate transcriptional effects of TNF-α on synaptic plasticity, we analyzed both human neurosphere and isolated neuronal cultures for the regulation of genes central to synaptic alterations during learning and memory. TNF-α treatment upregulated Ephrin receptor B2 (EphB2), which is strongly involved in dendritic arborization and synaptic integrity. TNF-α strongly activates the NF-κB pathway, therefore, we propose that TNF-α-induced neurite regrowth occurs primarily through EphB2 signaling via stimulation of NF-κB. EphB2 promoter activity increased with TNF-α treatment and overexpression of NF-κB. Direct binding of NF-κB to the EphB2 promoter occurred in the ChIP assay, and site-directed mutagenesis identified binding sites involved in TNF-α-induced EphB2 activation. TNF-α induction of EphB2 was determined to occur specifically through TNF-α receptor 2 (TNFR2) activation in human primary fetal neurons. Our observations provide a new avenue for the investigation on the impact of TNF-α in the context of HIV-1 neuronal cell damage as well as providing a potential therapeutic target in TNFR2 activation of EphB2.