Abstract
The use of synthetic data is recognized as a crucial step in the development of neural network-based Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems. While the methods for generating synthetic data for AI applications in other domains have a role in certain biomedical AI systems, primarily related to image processing, there is a critical gap in the generation of time series data for AI tasks where it is necessary to know how the system works. This is most pronounced in the ability to generate synthetic multi-dimensional molecular time series data (subsequently referred to as synthetic mediator trajectories or SMTs); this is the type of data that underpins research into biomarkers and mediator signatures for forecasting various diseases and is an essential component of the drug development pipeline. We argue the insufficiency of statistical and data-centric machine learning (ML) means of generating this type of synthetic data is due to a combination of factors: perpetual data sparsity due to the Curse of Dimensionality, the inapplicability of the Central Limit Theorem in terms of making assumptions about the statistical distributions of this type of data, and the inability to use ab initio simulations due to the state of perpetual epistemic incompleteness in cellular/molecular biology. Alternatively, we present a rationale for using complex multi-scale mechanism-based simulation models, constructed and operated on to account for perpetual epistemic incompleteness and the need to provide maximal expansiveness in concordance with the Maximal Entropy Principle. These procedures provide for the generation of SMT that minimizes the known shortcomings associated with neural network AI systems, namely overfitting and lack of generalizability. The generation of synthetic data that accounts for the identified factors of multi-dimensional time series data is an essential capability for the development of mediator-biomarker based AI forecasting systems, and therapeutic control development and optimization.