Abstract
Polymer-induced drag reduction (DR) in fluids was studied using a rotational rheometer with double-gap concentric cylinder geometry. Although both polymers (polyacrylamide (PAM) and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (SPAM)) had molecular weights of several MDa, the contrasting polymer charge, nonionic and anionic, led to different polymer overlap concentrations (c*), PAM ≫ SPAM, and fluid rheology, with PAM fluids mostly Newtonian and SPAM fluids non-Newtonian (shear-thinning). Based on these differences, it was important to account for the infinite shear viscosity and normalize the polymer concentration by the intrinsic concentration (c (int)) so that the DR performance of the two polymer fluids could be accurately compared. Both polymers induced DR, and the maximum DR by SPAM (DR% = 28) was slightly higher than that by PAM (DR% = 22) when Re (p) ∼ 1700. For PAM, the loss of DR with time diminished at higher polymer concentrations (≥100 ppm, at Re (p) = 3149) but was found to be sensitive to high Re (p), with polymer chain scission the likely cause of the reduced performance. For the semi-dilute SPAM fluids, the shear stability contrasted that of PAM, showing negligible dependence on the polymer concentration and Re (p). The apparent rapid loss of DR was predominantly attributed to a time-dependent effect and not polymer degradation. In pipe flow, the maximum DR for SPAM was higher than that measured by rheometry and was attributed to differences in the flow conditions. However, changes in the normalized DR/c with polymer concentration were found to be consistent between the two flow geometries. Furthermore, the high fluid stresses in pipe flow (at high Re (p)) led to drag reduction losses consistent with PAM, as the time-dependent effect was not seen.