Abstract
Barley AGO4 proteins complement expressional changes of epigenetically regulated genes in Arabidopsis ago4-3 mutant and show a distinct affinity for the 5' terminal nucleotide of small RNAs, demonstrating functional conservation and divergence. The function of Argonaute 4 (AGO4) in Arabidopsis thaliana has been extensively characterized; however, its role in monocots, which have large genomes abundantly supplemented with transposable elements (TEs), remains elusive. The study of barley AGO4 proteins can provide insights into the conserved aspects of RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) and could also have further applications in the field of epigenetics or crop improvement. Bioinformatic analysis of RNA sequencing data identified two active AGO4 genes in barley, HvAGO4a and HvAGO4b. These genes function similar to AtAGO4 in an Arabidopsis heterologous complementation system, primarily binding to 24-nucleotide long small RNAs (sRNAs) and triggering methylation at specific target loci. Like AtAGO4, HvAGO4B exhibits a preference for binding sRNAs with 5' adenine residue, while also accepting 5' guanine, uracil, and cytosine residues. In contrast, HvAGO4A selectively binds only sRNAs with a 5' adenine residue. The diverse binding capacity of barley AGO4 proteins is reflected in TE-derived sRNAs and in their varying abundance. Both barley AGO4 proteins effectively restore the levels of extrachromosomal DNA and transcript abundancy of the heat-activated ONSEN retrotransposon to those observed in wild-type Arabidopsis plants. Our study provides insight into the distinct binding specificities and involvement in TE regulation of barley AGO4 proteins in Arabidopsis by heterologous complementation.