Abstract
The gut microbiota influences host health, with outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) facilitating intercellular communication and transporting bioactive molecules. At high altitudes, OMVs can cross the intestinal barrier, affecting heart function and potentially modulating inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Genetic engineering of OMVs may improve their therapeutic efficacy by altering surface properties to enhance targeting and residence time. They could also act as disease biomarker carriers for early detection and monitoring.