Abstract
The majority of commensal oral streptococci are able to generate hydrogen peroxide (H(2) O(2) ) during aerobic growth, which can diffuse through the cell membrane and inhibit competing species in close proximity. Competing H(2) O(2) production is mainly dependent upon the pyruvate oxidase SpxB, and to a lesser extent the lactate oxidase LctO, both of which are important for energy generation in aerobic environments. Several studies point to a broad impact of H(2) O(2) production in the oral environment, including a potential role in biofilm homeostasis, signaling, and interspecies interactions. Here, we summarize the current research regarding oral streptococcal H(2) O(2) generation, resistance mechanisms, and the ecological impact of H(2) O(2) production. We also discuss the potential therapeutic utility of H(2) O(2) for the prevention/treatment of dysbiotic diseases as well as its potential role as a biomarker of oral health.