Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery has emerged as an alternative to conventional drug delivery systems as it enables painless and convenient drug administration. However, next-generation healthcare systems need to facilitate "on-demand" delivery operations and should be highly efficient to penetrate the physiological barriers in the skin. Here, we report an ultrathin dye-loaded epidermal tattoo (UDET) that allows wirelessly stimulated drug delivery with high efficiency. The UDET consists of an electrospun dye-loaded silk nanofiber mat and a covered carbon nanotube (CNT) layer. UDETs are conformally tattooed on pigskins and show stable operation under mechanical deformation. Biological fluorescence dyes such as vitamin B(12), riboflavin, rhodamine B, and sodium fluorescein are applied as model drugs. Illuminating the UDET by a low-power light-emitting diode (< 34.5 mW/cm(2)) triggers transdermal drug delivery due to heat generation. The CNTs convert the absorbed light into heat, and then the dyes loaded on silk can be diffused through the epidermis. The CNT layer is electrically conductive and can detect the temperature by reading the resistance change (0.1917 Ω/°C). This indicates that the UDET can be used simultaneously to read temperature and deliver the loaded dye molecules, making it a promising on-demand drug delivery strategy for future medicine technology. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13534-024-00363-6.