Abstract
Mode hybridization phenomenon in air-cladded X-cut Y-propagating and Z-propagating thin film lithium niobate strip multimode waveguides is numerically studied and a mathematical relation between structural parameters leading to hybrid modes is formulated. Dependence of hybrid modes on waveguide dimensions, sidewall angles and wavelength is also analyzed. The results obtained are used to design lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) taper for converting fundamental TM mode to higher order TE mode, and an optimum length for achieving a high conversion efficiency of 99.5% is evaluated. Birefringent Y-propagating LN and isotropic Z-propagating LN tapers are compared in terms of length, figures of merit, and fabrication tolerance. Tapers exhibit a broad bandwidth of 200 nm with an extinction ratio less than - 18 dB. The results of mode hybridization analysis are useful in design optimization of adiabatic tapers, tunable time delays, optical interconnects, mode converters and demultiplexers for mode division multiplexing (MDM) applications.