Abstract
Lipopeptides have been extensively studied as potential antimicrobial agents. In this study, we focused on the C(14)-KYR lipopeptide, a modified version of the KYR tripeptide with myristic acid at the N-terminus. Here, membrane perturbation of live E. coli treated with the parent KYR and C(14)-KYR peptides was compared at the nanoscale level using AFM imaging. AFM analyses, including average cellular roughness and force spectroscopy, revealed the severe surface disruption mechanism of C(14)-KYR. A loss of surface roughness and changes in topographic features included membrane shrinkage, periplasmic membrane separation from the cell wall, and cytosolic leakage. Additional evidence from synchrotron radiation FTIR microspectroscopy (SR-FTIR) revealed a marked structural change in the membrane component after lipopeptide attack. The average roughness of the E. coli cell before and after treatment with C(14)-KYR was 129.2 ± 51.4 and 223.5 ± 14.1 nm, respectively. The average rupture force of the cell treated with C(14)-KYR was 0.16 nN, four times higher than that of the untreated cell. Our study demonstrates that the mechanistic effect of the lipopeptide against bacterial cells can be quantified through surface imaging and adhesion force using AFM.