Abstract
Emissions of C(2)-C(5) alkanes from the U.S. oil and gas sector have changed rapidly over the last decade. We use a nested GEOS-Chem simulation driven by updated 2011NEI emissions with aircraft, surface and column observations to 1) examine spatial patterns in the emissions and observed atmospheric abundances of C(2)-C(5) alkanes over the U.S., and 2) estimate the contribution of emissions from the U.S. oil and gas industry to these patterns. The oil and gas sector in the updated 2011NEI contributes over 80% of the total U.S. emissions of ethane (C(2)H(6)) and propane (C(3)H(8)), and emissions of these species are largest in the central U.S. Observed mixing ratios of C(2)-C(5) alkanes show enhancements over the central U.S. below 2 km. A nested GEOS-Chem simulation underpredicts observed C(3)H(8) mixing ratios in the boundary layer over several U.S. regions and the relative underprediction is not consistent, suggesting C(3)H(8) emissions should receive more attention moving forward. Our decision to consider only C(4)-C(5) alkane emissions as a single lumped species produces a geographic distribution similar to observations. Due to the increasing importance of oil and gas emissions in the U.S., we recommend continued support of existing long-term measurements of C(2)-C(5) alkanes. We suggest additional monitoring of C(2)-C(5) alkanes downwind of northeastern Colorado, Wyoming and western North Dakota to capture changes in these regions. The atmospheric chemistry modeling community should also evaluate whether chemical mechanisms that lump larger alkanes are sufficient to understand air quality issues in regions with large emissions of these species.