Abstract
The oxygen and nutrient-deprived tumor microenvironment is considered a key mechanism responsible for cancer resistance to chemotherapy. Methotrexate (MTX) is a widely incorporated chemotherapeutic agent employed in the treatment of several malignancies. However, drug resistance and systemic toxicity limit the curative effect in most cases. The present work aimed to design, synthesize, and biologically evaluate a novel glucose-methotrexate conjugate (Glu-MTX). Our study showed that Glu-MTX exerts an increased cytotoxic effect on cancer cells in comparison to MTX in hypoxia (1% O2) and glucose starvation conditions. Furthermore, Glu-MTX was found to inhibit the proliferation and migration of cancer cells more effectively than MTX does. Our results demonstrate that the conjugation of MTX to glucose led to an increase in potency against malignant cells under oxygen and nutrient stress. The observations shed light on a potential therapeutic approach to overcome chemoresistance in cancer.