Abstract
Plasmonics, the study of the interactions between photons and collective oscillations of electrons, has seen tremendous advances during the past decade. Controllable nanometer- and sub-nanometer-scale engineering in plasmonic resonance and electromagnetic field localization at the subwavelength scale have propelled diverse studies in optics, materials science, chemistry, biotechnology, energy science, and various applications in spectroscopy. However, for translation of these accomplishments from research into practice, major hurdles including low reproducibility and poor controllability in target structures must be overcome, particularly for reliable quantification of plasmonic signals and functionalities. This Outlook introduces and summarizes the recent attempts and findings of many groups toward more quantitative and reliable nanoplasmonics, and discusses the challenges and possible future directions.