Abstract
Persistent inflammation is associated with a shift in spinal GABA(A) signaling from inhibition to excitation such that GABA(A)-receptor activation contributes to inflammatory hyperalgesia. We tested the hypothesis that the primary afferent is the site of the persistent inflammation-induced shift in GABA(A) signaling which is due to a Na(+)-K(+)-Cl(-)-co-transporter (NKCC1)-dependent depolarization of the GABA(A) current equilibrium potential (E(GABA)). Acutely dissociated retrogradely labeled cutaneous dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons from naïve and inflamed (3 days after a subcutaneous injection of complete Freund's adjuvant) adult male rats were studied with Ca(2+) imaging, western blot and gramicidin-perforated patch recording. GABA evoked a Ca(2+) transient in a subpopulation of small- to medium-diameter capsaicin-sensitive cutaneous neurons. Inflammation was associated with a significant increase in the magnitude of GABA-induced depolarization as well as the percentage of neurons in which GABA evoked a Ca(2+) transient. There was no detectable change in NKCC1 protein or phosphoprotein at the whole ganglia level. Furthermore, the increase in excitatory response was comparable in both HEPES- and HCO(3)(-)-buffered solutions, but was only associated with a depolarization of E(GABA) in HCO(3)(-)-based solution. In contrast, under both recording conditions, the excitatory response was associated with an increase in GABA(A) current density, a decrease in low threshold K(+) current density, and resting membrane potential depolarization. Our results suggest that increasing K(+) conductance in afferents innervating a site of persistent inflammation may have greater efficacy in the inhibition of inflammatory hyperalgesia than attempting to drive a hyperpolarizing shift in E(GABA).