Abstract
AIM: To distinguish between the esophagus and adjacent organs using extraesophageal saline injection (ESI) in a canine model. METHODS: ESI was performed through the esophagus under the guidance of linear-array endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS). Approximately 15 mL of methylene blue saline (0.5%) was then injected through each of the extraesophageal puncture points using a 22 G needle. Radial EUS examinations were conducted before and after ESI. EUS images of the trachea, tracheal bifurcation, arcus aortae and thoracic aorta were recorded. Vital signs were monitored during the ESI procedure and EUS examination. The dogs were then sacrificed for exploratory thoracotomy. RESULTS: No obvious fluctuation in vital signs or serious adverse events occurred during the ESI procedure. On EUS imaging, an apparent hypoechoic area outside the esophagus, which separated the esophagus and adjacent organs, was visualized. The adventitious of the esophagus and adjacent organs were easily distinguished. The findings of subsequent exploratory thoracotomy confirmed the EUS findings: obvious accumulation of a blue liquid in the extraesophageal tissues, as well as in the esophageal-thoracic aorta space, esophageal-arcus aortae space and esophageal-tracheal space. CONCLUSION: The esophagus and adjacent organs were successfully separated by ESI, and extraesophageal saline acted as an effective ultrasonic contrast agent.