Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) remains a significant global health concern, with increasing prevalence and a substantial impact on quality of life. This narrative review explores recent advances in our understanding of GERD pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. The complex interplay of factors contributing to GERD, including lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction, transient sphincter relaxations, and esophageal motility disorders, is discussed. Emerging diagnostic techniques, such as high-resolution manometry and impedance-pH monitoring, have enhanced our ability to accurately identify and characterize GERD. The review highlights the evolving landscape of GERD treatment, from conventional approaches like lifestyle modifications and proton pump inhibitors to novel strategies including potassium-competitive acid blockers, endoscopic therapies, and minimally invasive surgical techniques. The potential role of the microbiome in GERD pathogenesis and as a therapeutic target is examined. The concept of personalized medicine in GERD management is explored, considering genetic factors, biomarkers, and individual patient profiles. Complications of GERD, including erosive esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, and esophageal adenocarcinoma, are reviewed, emphasizing the importance of early detection and appropriate management. The economic burden and impact on the quality of due to GERD are also addressed. This comprehensive review underscores the multifaceted nature of GERD and the need for a personalized, multidisciplinary approach to its management. It highlights ongoing research efforts and emerging therapies that promise to improve outcomes for GERD patients, while also identifying areas requiring further investigation to optimize diagnosis and treatment strategies.