Abstract
The double-membrane cellular envelope of Gram-negative bacteria enables them to endure harsh environments and represents a barrier to many clinically available antibiotics. The outer membrane (OM) is exposed to the environment and is the first point of contact involved in bacterial processes such as signaling, pathogenesis, and motility. As in the cytoplasmic membrane, the OM in Gram-negative bacteria has a phospholipid-rich inner leaflet and an outer leaflet that is predominantly composed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We report on a microfluidic technique for fabricating monodisperse asymmetric giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) possessing the Gram-negative bacterial OM lipid composition. Our continuous microfluidic fabrication technique generates 50-150 μm diameter water-in-oil-in-water double emulsions at high-throughput. The water-oil and oil-water interfaces facilitate the self-assembly of phospholipid and LPS molecules to create the inner and outer leaflets of the lipid bilayer, respectively. The double emulsions have ultrathin oil shells, which minimizes the amount of residual organic solvent that remains trapped between the leaflets of the GUV membrane. An extraction process by ethanol and micropipette aspiration of the ultrathin oil shells triggers an adhesive interaction between the two lipid monolayers assembled on the water-oil and oil-water interfaces (i.e., dewetting transition), forcing them to contact and form a lipid bilayer membrane. The effect of different inner-leaflet lipid compositions on the emulsion/vesicle stability and the dewetting transition is investigated. We also report on the values for bending and area expansion moduli of synthetic asymmetric model membranes with lipid composition/architecture that is physiologically relevant to the OM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria.