Abstract
AIMS: CVD is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with diabetes. It is currently unclear whether daily glucose variability contributes to CVD. Therefore, we investigated whether glucose variability is associated with arterial measures that are considered important in CVD pathogenesis. METHODS: We included participants of The Maastricht Study, an observational population-based cohort, who underwent at least 48 h of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) (n = 853; age: 59.9 ± 8.6 years; 49% women, 23% type 2 diabetes). We studied the cross-sectional associations of two glucose variability indices (CGM-assessed SD [SD(CGM)] and CGM-assessed CV [CV(CGM)]) and time in range (TIR(CGM)) with carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV), carotid distensibility coefficient, carotid intima-media thickness, ankle-brachial index and circumferential wall stress via multiple linear regression. RESULTS: Higher SD(CGM) was associated with higher cf-PWV after adjusting for demographics, cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle factors (regression coefficient [B] per 1 mmol/l SD(CGM) [and corresponding 95% CI]: 0.413 m/s [0.147, 0.679], p = 0.002). In the model additionally adjusted for CGM-assessed mean sensor glucose (MSG(CGM)), SD(CGM) and MSG(CGM) contributed similarly to cf-PWV (respective standardised regression coefficients [st.βs] and 95% CIs of 0.065 [-0.018, 0.167], p = 0.160; and 0.059 [-0.043, 0.164], p = 0.272). In the fully adjusted models, both higher CV(CGM) (B [95% CI] per 10% CV(CGM): 0.303 m/s [0.046, 0.559], p = 0.021) and lower TIR(CGM) (B [95% CI] per 10% TIR(CGM): -0.145 m/s [-0.252, -0.038] p = 0.008) were statistically significantly associated with higher cf-PWV. Such consistent associations were not observed for the other arterial measures. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that greater daily glucose variability and lower TIR(CGM) are associated with greater aortic stiffness (cf-PWV) but not with other arterial measures. If corroborated in prospective studies, these results support the development of therapeutic agents that target both daily glucose variability and TIR(CGM) to prevent CVD.