Abstract
Agricultural residue-activated carbon and biochar, inexpensive and environmentally friendly adsorbent materials, have recently received significant research attention. This study investigated the potential use of oak cupules in activated carbon form to remove widespread heavy metals (Pb(2+), Cu(2+), and Ni(2+)) from wastewater. The oak-activated carbon was prepared from oak cupules and activated with phosphoric acid. Oak-activated carbon was characterized using FTIR, BET analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin isotherm models were used to assess the equilibrium data. The impact of various parameters, including pH effect, temperature, adsorbent dose, and contact time, was estimated. The Freundlich model was the most agreeable with Pb(2+) adsorption by oak-based activated carbon, and Langmuir was more compatible with Cu(2+) and Ni(2+). Under optimum conditions, the average maximum removal was 63% Pb(2+), 60% Cu(2+), and 54% Ni(2+) when every ion was alone in the aqueous solution. The removal was enhanced to 98% Pb(2+), 72% Cu(2+), and 60% Ni(2+) when found as a mixture. The thermodynamic model revealed that the adsorption of ions by oak-based activated carbon is endothermic. The pseudo-second-order kinetic best describes the adsorption mechanism in this study; it verifies chemical sorption as the rate-limiting step in adsorption mechanisms. The oak-activated carbon was effective in removing Pb(2+), Cu(2+), and Ni(2+) from wastewater and aqueous solutions.