Abstract
Defective Ca2+ regulation plays a key role in the blunted force-frequency response in heart failure (HF). Since HF is commonly associated with oxidative stress, we studied whether oxidation of ryanodine receptor (RyR2) contributes to this defect. In control ventricular myocytes, oxidative stress induced formation of disulfide bonds between RyR2 subunits: intersubunit cross-linking (XL). Western blot analysis and Ca2+ imaging revealed a strong positive correlation between RyR2 XL and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ leak. These results illustrate that RyR2 XL can be used as a sensitive indicator of RyR2 dysfunction during oxidative stress. HF myocytes were in a state of oxidative stress since they exhibited an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, a decrease in ROS defense and an overall protein oxidation. These myocytes were also characterized by RyR2 XL and increased SR Ca2+ leak. Moreover, the frequency-dependent increase of Ca2+ transient amplitude was suppressed due to the inability of the SR to maintain Ca2+ load at high pacing rates. Because SR Ca2+ load is determined by the balance between SR Ca2+ uptake and leak, the blunted frequency-dependent inotropy in HF can be mediated by ROS-induced SR Ca2+ leak. Preventing RyR2 XL in HF myocytes decreased SR Ca2+ leak and increased Ca2+ transients at high pacing rate. We also studied whether RyR2 oxidation alone can cause the blunted frequency-dependent facilitation of Ca2+ transient amplitude in control myocytes. When RyR2 XL was induced in control myocytes to a similar level seen in HF, an increase of Ca2+ transient amplitude at high pacing rate was significantly suppressed. These results suggest that SR Ca2+ leak induced by RyR2 oxidation can play an important role in the blunted frequency-dependent inotropy of HF.