Abstract
A mathematical model composed of a direct proportionality relationship between bulk water velocities and field-determined second-order microbial transformation rate coefficients, and the relative rate coefficient of a benchmark chemical, was developed for estimating the substrate removal rates of rapidly degraded chemicals by attached organisms in shallow (<1 m deep) aquatic ecosystems. Data from 31 field experiments involving the addition of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid methyl ester (2,4-DME) in nine field areas were used to determine a field-derived second-order rate coefficient for microbial transformation of the ester. By using 2,4-DME as a benchmark chemical, the model was used to predict microbial transformation rates of the butoxyethyl ester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-DBE) at five other field sites. The predicted half-lives of 2,4-DBE varied 1,500-fold and were within about a threefold range or less of the measured half-lives. Under conditions of mass transport limitation, the contributions of attached microorganisms relative to total microbial activities at various field sites were related to the ratio of water velocity, U, and depth, D, showing that historical definitions of ecosystems according to flow and depth characteristics are also valid for describing the process-related structure of ecosystems. An equation was developed for predicting the relative contributions of attached and suspended communities with values of U and D for lotic and lentic ecosystems. On the basis of this equation, attached microorganisms were expected to be insignificant in deep lentic ecosystems and suspended microorganisms were expected to be insignificant in shallow lotic systems for the same process carried out by both populations. Neglecting epiphytic microorganisms, both suspended and attached organisms were expected to be significant in wetlands.