Abstract
Since the large-volume press with a double-stage multianvil system was created by the late Professor Naoto Kawai, this apparatus (Kawai-type multianvil apparatus or KMA) has been developed for higher-pressure generation, in situ X-ray and neutron observations, deformation experiments, measurements of physical properties, synthesis of high-pressure phases, etc., utilizing its large sample volume and capacity in stable and homogeneous high temperature generation compared to those of competitive diamond anvil cells. These advancements in KMA technology have been made primarily by Japanese scientists and engineers, which yielded a wealth of new experimental data on phase transitions, melting relations, and physical characteristics of minerals and rocks, leading to significant constraints on the structures, chemical compositions, and dynamics of the deep Earth. KMA technology has also been used for synthesis of novel functional materials such as nano-polycrystalline diamond and transparent nano-ceramics, opening a new research field of ultrahigh-pressure materials science.