Abstract
The environmental burden of food waste (FW) disposal coupled with natural resource scarcity has aroused interest in FW valorization; however, transforming FW into valuable products remains a challenge because of its heterogeneous nature. In this study, a two-stage method involving black soldier fly (BSF)-based insect pretreatment and subsequent hydrothermal catalysis over a single-atom cerium-incorporated hydroxyapatite (Ce-HAP) was explored to convert FW into high added-value furfurals (furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural). FW consisting of cereal, vegetables, meat, eggs, oil, and salt was initially degraded by BSF larvae to generate homogeneous BSF biomass, and then, crucial parameters impacting the conversion of BSF biomass into furfurals were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, 9.3 wt % yield of furfurals was attained, and repeated trials confirmed the recyclability of Ce-HAP. It was proved that the revenue of furfural production from FW by this two-stage method ranged from 3.14 to 584.4 USD/tonne. This study provides a potential technical orientation for FW resource utilization.