Abstract
To elucidate shade adaptation mechanisms in Pinus yunnanensis seedlings across different ages, this study established five light gradients (100% full sunlight as control or CK, 80% as L1, 45% as L2, 30% as L3, and 5% as L4) for experimental treatments on one- and three-year-old seedlings. By analyzing dynamic changes in non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) and their components within needles, stems, and roots-combined with a phenotypic plasticity assessment, a correlation analysis, and a principal component analysis-we explored the carbon metabolic adaptations under shade stress. The key results demonstrate the following: (1) Increasing shade intensity significantly reduced the NSCs in the needles and roots of both age groups. The stem NSCs markedly decreased under L1 and L2, indicating "carbon limitation." However, under severe shade (L3 and L4), the stem NSCs stabilized while the stem soluble sugars gradually increased. In three-year-old Pinus yunnanensis seedlings under the L3 treatment, the ratio of soluble sugars to starch in the stems reached as high as 5.772 g·kg(-1), yet the stem NSC content showed no significant change. This pattern exhibited "growth stagnation-carbon enrichment" characteristics. This reveals a physiological strategy for maintaining stem carbon homeostasis through a "structure-metabolism" trade-off under carbon limitation. (2) Shade adaptations diverged by age: one-year-old seedlings employed a short-term "needle-root source-sink reallocation" strategy, whereas three-year-old seedlings developed a "root-stem-needle closed-loop homeostasis regulation" mechanism. (3) Age-specific shade thresholds were identified: one-year-old seedlings required >80% full light to maintain a carbon balance, while three-year-old seedlings exhibited enhanced root carbon storage under moderate shade (45-80% full light). This study clarifies the physiological mechanisms by which P. yunnanensis seedlings of varying ages optimize shade adaptation through organ-specific carbon allocation, providing a theoretical foundation for shade management in artificial forests and understory seedling conservation.