Abstract
Preventing bacteria from adhering to material surfaces is an important technical problem and a major cause of infection. One of nature's defense strategies against bacterial colonization is based on the biohalogenation of signal substances that interfere with bacterial communication. Biohalogenation is catalyzed by haloperoxidases, a class of metal-dependent enzymes whose activity can be mimicked by ceria nanoparticles. Transparent CeO(2)/polycarbonate surfaces that prevent adhesion, proliferation, and spread of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 were manufactured. Large amounts of monodisperse CeO(2) nanoparticles were synthesized in segmented flow using a high-throughput microfluidic benchtop system using water/benzyl alcohol mixtures and oleylamine as capping agent. This reduced the reaction time for nanoceria by more than one order of magnitude compared to conventional batch methods. Ceria nanoparticles prepared by segmented flow showed high catalytic activity in halogenation reactions, which makes them highly efficient functional mimics of haloperoxidase enzymes. Haloperoxidases are used in nature by macroalgae to prevent formation of biofilms via halogenation of signaling compounds that interfere with bacterial cell-cell communication ("quorum sensing"). CeO(2)/polycarbonate nanocomposites were prepared by dip-coating plasma-treated polycarbonate panels in CeO(2) dispersions. These showed a reduction in bacterial biofilm formation of up to 85% using P. aeruginosa PA14 as model organism. Besides biofilm formation, also the production of the virulence factor pyocyanin in is under control of the entire quorum sensing systems P. aeruginosa. CeO(2)/PC showed a decrease of up to 55% in pyocyanin production, whereas no effect on bacterial growth in liquid culture was observed. This indicates that CeO(2) nanoparticles affect quorum sensing and inhibit biofilm formation in a non-biocidal manner.