Abstract
Classical conditioning of the eyeblink response is a form of motor learning that is controlled by the intermediate cerebellum and related brainstem structures. The inferior olive (IO) is commonly thought to provide the cerebellum with a "teaching" unconditioned stimulus (US) signal required for cerebellar learning. Testing this concept has been difficult because the IO, in addition to its putative learning function, also controls tonic activity in the cerebellum. Previously, it was reported that inactivation of AMPA/kainate receptors in the IO produces extinction of conditioned responses (CRs), suggesting that it blocks the transmission of US signals without perturbing the functional state of the cerebellum. However, the electrophysiological support for this critical finding was lacking, mostly because of methodological difficulties in maintaining stable recordings from the same set of single units throughout long drug injection sessions in awake rabbits. To address this critical issue, we used our microwire-based multiple single-unit recording method. The IO in trained rabbits was injected with the AMPA/kainate receptor blocker, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-nitro-2,3-dioxo-benzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide (NBQX), and its effects on CR expression and neuronal activity in the cerebellar interposed nuclei (IN) were examined. We found that NBQX abolished CR expression and that delayed drug effects were independent of the presentation of the conditioned stimulus and were therefore not related to extinction. In parallel to these behavioral effects, the spontaneous neuronal activity and CR-related neuronal responses in the IN were suppressed, suggesting cerebellar dysfunction. These findings indicate that testing the role of IO in learning requires methods that do not alter the functional state of the cerebellum.