Abstract
Biochar has emerged as a promising soil amendment for mitigating heavy metal contamination in agricultural systems. This study investigates the effects of biochar on cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) uptake, plant growth, oxidative stress, and physiological responses in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants exposed to different metal concentrations. Results indicate that biochar significantly influenced Cd bioavailability, reducing its accumulation in plant tissues by up to 31.9% and alleviating oxidative stress, with malondialdehyde and proline levels decreasing by up to 51.0% and 60.2%, particularly at higher application rates (5%). Cd-exposed plants treated with biochar exhibited an improved fresh weight (+22.6%), lower malondialdehyde and proline levels, and enhanced the chlorophyll content (+14.9% to 24.1%) compared to untreated plants. The bioaccumulation factor for Cd decreased (up to 31.8%) while the immobilization index (II) increased, confirming the role of biochar in limiting Cd mobility in soil. In contrast, Cu uptake remained consistently low across all treatments, with a significant reduction observed only at higher contamination levels (up to -34.2%). Biochar contributed to Cu immobilization, reflected in increased II values, and enhanced the plant biomass and chlorophyll content under Cu exposure (+15.4% and up to +24.1%, respectively), suggesting a partial alleviation of Cu toxicity. These findings highlight biochar's potential in heavy metal remediation, particularly for Cd, by reducing bioavailability and improving plant resilience. However, its role in Cu-contaminated soils is mainly through immobilization rather than uptake reduction.