Abstract
Plant cells are capable of uptaking exogenous organic substances. This inherited trait allows the development of heterotrophic cell cultures in various plants. The most common of them are Nicotiana tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant cells are widely used in academic studies and as factories for valuable substance production. The repertoire of compounds supporting the heterotrophic growth of plant cells is limited. The best growth of cultures is ensured by oligosaccharides and their cleavage products. Primarily, these are sucrose, raffinose, glucose and fructose. Other molecules such as glycerol, carbonic acids, starch, and mannitol have the ability to support growth occasionally, or in combination with another substrate. Culture growth is accompanied by processes of specialization, such as elongation growth. This determines the pattern of the carbon budget. Culture ageing is closely linked to substrate depletion, changes in medium composition, and cell physiological rearrangements. A lack of substrate leads to starvation, which results in a decrease in physiological activity and the mobilization of resources, and finally in the loss of viability. The cause of the instability of cultivated cells may be the non-optimal metabolism under cultural conditions or the insufficiency of internal regulation.