Abstract
A measurement approach for small deformations of soil specimens has been proposed in this study. The proposed approach consists of a small deformation transducer (SDT) based on fiber Bragg grating sensors which could provide an alternative tool to measure local small deformations of a soil specimen with high accuracy. The working principle, design procedures, calibrations and applications of the SDT are presented. An analytical solution is derived to obtain the relationship between the small deformation of the transducer and the wavelength shift of the FBG sensor, which was further evident in the laboratory calibration tests. The measurement range and resolution of the SDT can be adjusted by choosing different length and thickness of the material. The SDT can achieve a strain resolution of 4.45 micro-strains for a soil specimen with 80 mm in height. Measurement errors and stability were also examined and the results show that the maximum measurement error was around 0.01 mm. The designed SDT was further installed in a modified triaxial apparatus. Three shearing tests under different confining pressures were conducted. Results measured by the newly developed SDT are analyzed with comparisons to the results using external linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) transducers. The results provide evidence that this measurement approach is suitable for measuring the local deformations of soil specimens with high accuracy and stability.