Abstract
Epigenetic modifications play critical roles in inducing long-lasting immunological memory in innate immune cells, termed trained immunity. Whether similar epigenetic mechanisms regulate dendtritic cell (DC) function to orchestrate development of adaptive immunity remains unknown. We report that DCs matured with IFNγ and TNFα or matured in the lungs during invasive fungal infection with endogenous TNFα acquired a stable TNFα-dependent DC1 program, rendering them resistant to both antigen- and cytokine-induced alternative activation. TNFα-programmed DC1 had increased association of H3K4me3 with DC1 gene promoter regions. Furthermore, MLL1 inhibition blocked TNFα-mediated DC1 phenotype stabilization. During IFI, TNFα-programmed DC1s were required for the development of sustained TH1/TH17 protective immunity, and bone marrow pre-DCs exhibited TNFα-dependent preprogramming, supporting continuous generation of programmed DC1 throughout the infection. TNFα signaling, associated with epigenetic activation of DC1 genes particularly via H3K4me3, critically contributes to generation and sustenance of type 1/17 adaptive immunity and the immune protection against persistent infection.